Patients exhibit the following traits when in need of advocacy: powerlessness, helplessness, dependency, vulnerability, inability to speak, and loss of self-control. The nurse experiences the patient as uniquely human, with individual strengths and beliefs, and uses this understanding to intervene on the patient's behalf. Advocacy has 2 parts: information and support. The foundation of advocacy is the nurse-patient relationship. Advocacy is a common thread of quality end-of-life (EOL) nursing care, encompassing pain and symptom management, ethical decisionmaking, competent culturally sensitive care, and assistance through the death and dying process. Throughout history, nurses have sought ways to improve quality of life for individuals, families, and communities during every phase of life's journey. ![]() In the United States in the 20th century, with advances in medical technology and science, the care of the dying patient shifted from family and community to health professionals.
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